La historia de la cerveza es totalmente femenina: esta bebida “de hombres” fue creada por mujeres, quienes controlaron la industria por 3 mil años.
Escrito por: Michelle López
michonacloud
La cerveza es la tercera bebida más consumida del mundo, y su historia se remonta a más de 4,000 años atrás. Y en estos milenios la cerveza ha estado siempre estrechamente ligada a las mujeres, consumidoras pero sobre todo productoras durante al menos 3,500 de esos años. ¿Cómo surgió esta bebida? ¿Por qué las mujeres estaban a cargo? ¿Por qué se rompió el lazo entre mujeres y cerveza? Te contamos la historia completa.
Por Michelle López
Las mujeres fueron las primeras en hacer cerveza, ya que al ser algo de cocina se consideraba ideal para el rol doméstico de la mujer. Las recetas se pasaban de madres a hijas por generaciones y las mujeres tenían el control absoluto de la producción, que era consumida por toda la población.
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Ya hay registros de cerveza en el 2000 a.C., en los territorios de Sumeria, hoy Irán. Las mujeres eran responsables de preparar esta bebida que daba ánimos a los constructores de la civilización y era un eje social. Las sumerias producían todo tipo de cerveza: blanca, negra, roja, del inframundo, de trigo, cerveza madre y cerveza para sacrificio.
Mujer egipcia haciendo cerveza. Dea/G. Dagli Oorti via Getty Images
Los antiguos griegos, una cultura sumamente machista, nunca se llevaron bien con la cerveza, a la que adjudicaban muchos problemas de salud. Pero en Egipto la bebían desde el esclavo hasta el Faraón, y era preparada por las mujeres en un área especial bajo la supervisión de la señora de la casa. Los salarios se pagaban con cerveza, dos contenedores por día de trabajo, y la cerveza egipcia se exportó a Roma, Palestina e India.
En la sociedad vikinga las mujeres también producían cerveza. Debido al clima de sus territorios, esta cerveza contenían ingredientes más “alternativos”, como enebro, cornezuelo (un alucinógeno), beleño y cicuta, con los efectos psicodélicos que puedes imaginar. La delicadeza de estas recetas les dio a las mujeres que las preparaban un lugar especial y títulos como Volva, Volur, y sacerdotisas. Ellas crearon el concepto de bragg: ver el futuro estando bajo la influencia de esta singular variante cervecera.
–Ron: conoce su historia, origen y variedades
Estas primeras cervezas carecían de cualquier conservador, por lo que la producción era extremadamente local. Fue hasta el siglo XI que la monja Benedictina Hildegard von Bingen, mística y herbalista, introdujo el uso de lúpulo para preservar el líquido y dar amargor, y transformó la elaboración de la bebida. Al día de hoy von Bingen es considerada una santa patrona de la cerveza.
Hildegard von Bingen, protectora de la cerveza. Imagen: Temple University
La producción de cerveza se extendió por toda Europa y el Nuevo Mundo, siempre controlada por mujeres, conocidas como alewives o brewsters. En casas, tabernas, fiestas, cualquier género, raza y edad tenía acceso a esta bebida. El control de calidad de la cerveza era muy estricto, y las mujeres acusadas de adulterar o producir mala cerveza eran sujetas a castigos como azotes, ser arrojadas al agua o, según un grabado en piedra en Ludlow, Inglaterra, ser arrastradas al infierno por demonios.
Y es aquí donde la historia de la cerveza se vuelve aún más interesante si es posible: las mujeres cerveceras dieron paso a la imagen más famosa de la brujería. Varios de los elementos más clásicos de las brujas vienen de la producción femenina de cerveza: el sombrero puntiagudo, la escoba, el caldero, y los gatos.
Ya desde el siglo XIV una mujer con sombrero era considerada más distinguida, elegante y con clase. Una empresaria cervecera que se respetara salía al mercado para vender su producto ataviada con sombrero, pero hacía la prenda más alta y vistosa para distinguirse y atraer clientes. Mientras más alto el sombrero, más se haría notar la mujer y por lo tanto su cerveza. Marketing puro de las mujeres medievales.
Mother Louise, una cervecera de Oxford en los 1600. Imagen: David Logan
Si la mujer en cuestión vendía desde casa, sea en pensión o taberna, o simplemente despachando la bebida, también necesitaba distinguirse de otros hogares. Para ello, colgaba en la entrada una escoba, símbolo de trabajo doméstico. El cliente podía estar seguro de que encontraría ale casero y de calidad, elaborado por la señora de la casa.
La forma más fácil y cómoda de preparar la cerveza era con un caldero donde hervían el mosto y mezclaban sus ingredientes. Los gatos eran muy apreciados por estas mujeres debido a que combatían a los ratones, principales destructores de granos y propagadores de contaminación – recordemos que esta época es la edad de oro de la Peste Negra. Mujer, caldero, sombrero, escoba, gato… ¡Bienvenidos los estereotipos!
–Historia del vino caliente y cómo se prepara
La asociación entre mujer y cerveza terminó con la Iglesia católica. Otro de los símbolos que distinguían a una casa cervecera era un talismán similar a la estrella de David, seis puntas que representaban los ingredientes de una buena cerveza: lúpulo, granos, malta, levadura, agua, y la mujer cervecera.
La alusión judía fue el pretexto perfecto para que la Iglesia aprovechara la creciente ola de antisemitismo del siglo XV (que vería la cúspide con la Inquisición de los Reyes Católicos) e invadiera un negocio lucrativo y de paso eliminara la influencia de las mujeres. Llega el concepto demonizado de la bruja con escoba y sombrero, preparando “pociones” en la diabólica oscuridad de su casa. Repentinamente, el saber manipular plantas e ingredientes se consideró una influencia del demonio sobre las almas puras.
Furiosos porque la mujer tenía el control exclusivo de producción y ganancias, los altos poderes católicos las satanizaron y expulsaron hasta que la cerveza fue una industria dominada por hombres, tendencia que prevalece hasta nuestros días. Se volvió común ver producción de cerveza en monasterios, y consumo en reuniones masculinas, mientras la cacería de brujas llegaba a niveles nunca antes vistos en los que al menos 75% de las víctimas fueron mujeres.
Los esfuerzos para separar mujeres y cerveza también tenían como intención evitar que se “distrajeran” de su “propósito principal”: la maternidad. Fue por eso que en 1540 la ciudad de Chester prohibió hacer cerveza a toda mujer entre 14 y 40 años; el margen de edad que consideraban apropiado para tener hijos. Por toda Inglaterra se propagaron chismes de antisalubridad y mañas de negocio para eliminar a las mujeres de la industria.
-La cerveza también es para mujeres. Una entrevista con la cicerone Abigail Ramos
Un estudio de Stanford publicado en 2014 indica que entre las microcervecerías sólo 4% de los maestros cerveceros son mujeres, aunque al menos 32% de todo el consumo de cerveza artesanal viene de mujeres.
Por todos lados es fácil encontrar tanto a quienes dicen que una mujer bebiendo cerveza es vulgar e inapropiado, como a quienes afirman que las mujeres “también” pueden hacer o beber cerveza, ambos lados ignorantes de que la cerveza comenzó con las mujeres. Incluso las asociaciones y cervecerías enfocadas a impulsar a mujeres en la industria se manejan como una nueva minoría incursionando en vez de reclamar su lugar como creadoras.
Cerveceras en Oregon: Sarah Pederson, Lucy Burningham, Natalie Baldwin, Emily Engdahl. Imagen: Jeff Alworth
A pesar de todo, cada vez hay más maestras cerveceras y dueñas de etiquetas y tap rooms. Las certificaciones oficiales están abiertas a ambos géneros y el reto es destruir los estereotipos relativamente nuevos. Algunas de las cerveceras más destacadas son Sara Barton y Emma Gilleland en Inglaterra, Jill Vaughn y la Hermana Doris Engelhard en la Abadía de Mallersdorf, donde lleva trabajando más de 40 años. En África la producción de cerveza sigue estando dominada por mujeres, y destaca Apiwe Nxusani-Mawela, una de sólo seis mujeres que es dueña absoluta de una cervecería comercial.
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“He (the false prophet who deceives many by his miracles) causes all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and slave, to receive a mark on their right hand or on their foreheads, and that no one may buy or sell except one who has the mark or the name of the beast, or the number of his name.
Here is wisdom. Let him who has understanding calculate the number of the beast, for it is the number of a man: His number is 666” (Revelation 13:16-18 NKJV).
Referring to the last generation, this could only be speaking of a cashless society. Why? Revelation 13:17 tells us that we cannot buy or sell unless we receive the mark of the beast. If physical money was still in use, we could buy or sell with one another without receiving the mark. This would contradict scripture that says we must have the mark to buy or sell. So, it deduces itself to this conclusion.
These verses could not be referring to something spiritual as scripture references two physical locations (our right-hand or forehead) stating the mark will be on one “OR” the other. It once again deduces itself to this conclusion.
Also, how could you determine who truly has a spiritual mark so that they may buy or sell? And, as you will read further in this article, to have the mark of the beast is the same to have the name of the beast, or the number of its name. You will begin to see even more clearly why this mark cannot be something purely spiritual.
Here is where it really starts to come together. It is shocking how accurate the Bible is concerning the RFID microchip. These are notes from a man named Carl Sanders who worked with a team of engineers to help develop this microchip in the late 1960’s.
“Carl Sanders sat in seventeen New World Order meetings with heads-of-state officials such as Henry Kissinger and Bob Gates of the C.I.A. to discuss plans on how to bring about a one-world system. The government commissioned Carl Sanders to design a microchip for identifying and controlling the peoples of the world—a microchip that could be inserted under the skin with a hypodermic needle (a quick, convenient method that would be gradually accepted by society).
Carl Sanders, with a team of engineers behind him, with U.S. grant monies supplied by tax dollars, took on this project and designed a microchip that is powered by a lithium battery, rechargeable through the temperature changes in our skin. Without the knowledge of the Bible (Brother Sanders was not a Christian at the time), these engineers spent one-and-a-half-million dollars doing research on the best and most convenient place to have the microchip inserted.
Guess what? These researchers found that the forehead and the back of the hand (the two places Revelation says the mark will go) are not just the most convenient places, but are also the only viable places for rapid, consistent temperature changes in the skin to recharge the lithium battery. The microchip is approximately seven millimeters in length, .75 millimeters in diameter, about the size of a grain of rice. It is capable of storing pages upon pages of information about you. All your general history, work history, crime record, health history, and financial data can be stored on this chip.
Brother Sanders believes that this microchip, which he regretfully helped design, is the “mark” spoken about in Revelation 13:16-18. The original Greek word for “mark” is “charagma,” which means a “scratch or etching.” It is also interesting to note that the number 666 is actually a word in the original Greek. The word is “chi xi stigma,” with the last part, “stigma,” also meaning “to stick or prick.” Carl believes this refers to a hypodermic needle (see photo).
Mr. Sanders asked a Boston Medical Center doctor what would happen if the lithium contained within the RFID microchip leaked into the body. The doctor responded that if the microchip broke inside a human body, the lithium would cause a severe and painful wound filled with pus. This is what the book of Revelation says:
“And the first (angel) went, and poured out his vial on the earth; and there fell a noisome and grievous sore on the men which had the mark of the beast, and on them which worshipped his image” (Revelation 16:2).
THE HIDDEN MEANING BEHIND THE NUMBER 666 REVEALED!
What I first want to mention, before I share what the Holy Spirit has revealed to me concerning the number of the beast, is that God confirms in threes. We can see this throughout scripture:
“For there are three that bear witness in heaven: the Father, the Word, and the Holy Spirit; and these three are one” (1 John 5:7 NKJV).
“and that He was buried, and that He rose again the third day according to the Scriptures” (1 Corinthians 15:4 NKJV).
“…Holy, holy, holy, Lord God Almighty, Who was and is and is to come!” (Revelation 4:8 NKJV).
There are many more examples, but I thought I would just share three of them to make the point.
Examining Revelation 13:16,17,18, the first group of three I would like to point out is that the mark of the beast is described in three separate verses, 16, 17 and 18.
The next three I see is in verse 16, “He causes all…” is followed by three contrasting categories of people,
1 – “both small and great,
2 – rich and poor,
3 – free and slave…”.
Then unto verse 17, it opens with, “and that no one may buy or sell except one who has…”, followed by three explanations of what one must have to buy or sell,
1 – “…the mark
2 – or the name of the beast,
3 – or the number of his name”.
Now unto verse 18, we read “Let him who has understanding calculate…”, which is followed by,
1 – “the number of the beast,
2 – for it is the number of a man:
3 – His number is 666”.
The last three I see is the number “6” being used three times in a row. The reason I’m making this point about God confirming in three is because it is the key to unlocking how to calculate the number 666.
Throughout the centuries there have been people trying to calculate numbers based on titles and names that come up to the number 666 to identify one person, the Antichrist; but from Revelation 13:18, I do not see where God is telling us to count up to 666, but rather to count the number of the beast. This number is identified as 666. So the verse is telling us to count the number 666.
What does it mean to count? It means to add up. So how could we add up 666? Remember my previous point about God confirming in threes is key to unlocking the number 666. So logically, what would be the best way to count the number 666? To count it equally by using the rule of three based off the number.
We cannot count it equally as 600+60+6, this would also bring us back to the start.
We cannot count it as 600+600+600, or 60+60+60 because there are no zeroes in between or at the end of 666.
The only logical option is 6+6+6=18.
What is interesting is that the verse that reveals for us to count the number itself is verse 18 (there a total of 18 verses in Revelation Chapter 13).
Another interesting point is the only two other combinations (making a total of three possible combinations) for placing a “+” symbol in between 666 are:
66+6=72 and 6+66=72.
Add both 72’s together and you get 144.
Why the number 144 is worth our attention is because the verse following Revelation 13:18 is the first time in the Bible where the 144,000 are being described in detail:
“Then I looked, and behold, a Lamb standing on Mount Zion, and with Him one hundred and forty-four thousand, having His Father’s name written on their foreheads…” (Revelation 14:1).
Now if you add up all three numbers from counting 666 by moving the “+” symbol around, it would be 72+72+18=162. What is compelling about the number 162, is, if you divide 144,000 by 162, you get 888. The name of Jesus in Greek gematria adds up to 888. The New Testament was originally written in the Greek language. Revelation 14:1 not only mentions the 144,000, but also the Lamb who is Jesus.
Now what is interesting about the number for Jesus, 888, is that if you apply the same formula that was used to count 666, you get 8+8+8=24. Why the number 24? Revelation chapter 4 tells us there are 24 elders seated around the throne of God. This is the same throne where Jesus sits.
Now if you take:
8+8+8=24
8+88=96
88+8=96
you get 24+96+96=216.
Take 144,000 divided by 216 and you get 666.
Remember that this was the same exact formula we used to count the number 666 that ultimately brought forth the number 888.
Here is a quick recap to demonstrate how this formula confirms itself as being the true way to count 666:
1: 6+6+6=18 > 66+6=72 > 6+66=72 > 18+72+72=162
2: 144,000 divided by 162=888
3: 8+8+8=24 > 88+8=96 > 8+88=96 > 24+96+96=216
4: 144,000 divided by 216=666
1: 6+6+6=18 > 66+6=72…
As you can see, it is perpetual. And remember that we consistently used a formula that worked in threes being the number that God uses for confirmation.
Here is another mathematical confirmation: 144,000 divided by 6, divided by 6, divided by 6 (6,6,6) equals 666.
So what could this mean? Well we know in this world we are identified by numbers in various forms. From our birth certificate to social security, as well as our drivers license; being identified based on a system of ruler ship. So it is possible that this RFID microchip will contain a new identification that has a total of 18 characters (6+6+6).
“here the wisdom is, the one having the mind let him calculate the number of the wild beast, number for “of human” it is, and the number of it 666″ (Revelation 13:1, Greek Translation).
The Greek word “anthrōpos” being used in verse 18 where it says “of human” is the Greek strongs concordance G444. The first two definitions of the word are “a human being, whether male or female”, and, “generically, to include all human individuals”. Could the number of the beast apply to all mankind?
In the Greek (the New Testament was originally written in the Greek language), and other translations, you will notice the beast is described as an “it”, instead of “him”. The reason I’m making this point is because when a translation says “His number is 666”, this would imply a singular person, the Antichrist. But by saying “the number of it 666”, implies that it is of the beast system as a whole.
We can know the number of the beast cannot be to identify products (like a new barcode) to buy or sell because scripture says we cannot buy or sell without the number of the beast. What am I getting at? There will be instances where you could buy something someone made themselves and it wouldn’t have a store branded identification on it. But for this number to be in our chips, that is where it must be to conclude ultimately that we cannot buy or sell without having the number of the beast. As previously mentioned in Revelation 13:18, the number of the beast (6+6+6=18) is a “human number”, definition “generically, to include all human individuals”.
Truly a great division is taking place between good and evil—both spiritually and physically (riots, unrest, politics). If you take the current year 2020 and divide it by the number 666 (known for its satanic implications) you will get the number 30330. This number 30330 happens to be the number used to vote for Joe Biden and Kamala Harris. Freaky? And one thing is certain, 2020 is truly being divided by Satan. He is the master deceiver and spreader of chaos. Jesus calls him the father of lies.
So I looked up this number 30330 concerning Joe Biden, and I found this information:
If you send a text to that number (at that time), you would get a response asking to support Joe’s campaign to take down Donald Trump, with one part in caps saying “CHIP IN >>” pointing to a link to go and donate.
“CHIP IN”? Obama has used this phrase in the past on his twitter and people believe it is a subliminal message to receive the mark of the beast, that is to say the implantable RFID microCHIP that will go IN our body.
Go to: https://2ruth.org to see all the proof!
Is your name written in the Lamb’s book of life? Jesus says that we must be born again to enter the kingdom of God in the Gospel of John chapter 3.
“Then a third angel followed them, saying with a loud voice, “If anyone worships the beast and his image, and receives his mark on his forehead or on his hand, he himself shall also drink of the wine of the wrath of God, which is poured out full strength into the cup of His indignation. He shall be tormented with fire and brimstone in the presence of the holy angels and in the presence of the Lamb. And the smoke of their torment ascends forever and ever; and they have no rest day or night, who worship the beast and his image, and whoever receives the mark of his name” (Revelation 14:9-11).
BARACK OBAMA IS THE ANTICHRIST:
In the Islamic religion they have man called the Mahdi who is known as their messiah of whom they are waiting to take the stage. There are many testimonies from people online who believe this man will be Barack Obama who is to be the biblical Antichrist based off dreams they have received. I myself have had strange dreams about him like no other person. So much so that I decided to share this information.
He came on stage claiming to be a Christian with no affiliation to the Muslim faith…
“In our lives, Michelle and I have been strengthened by our Christian faith. But there have been times where my faith has been questioned — by people who don’t know me — or they’ve said that I adhere to a different religion, as if that were somehow a bad thing,” – Barack Obama
…but was later revealed by his own family members that he indeed is a devout Muslim.
So what’s in the name? The meaning of someones name can say a lot about a person. God throughout history has given names to people that have a specific meaning tied to their lives. How about the name Barack Obama? Let us take a look at what may be hiding beneath the surface…
“And He (Jesus) said to them (His disciples), ‘I saw Satan fall like lightning from heaven'” (Luke 10:18).
In the Hebrew language we can uncover the meaning behind the name Barack Obama.
Barack, also transliterated as Baraq, in Hebrew is: lightning
baraq – Biblical definition:
From Strongs H1299; lightning; by analogy a gleam; concretely a flashing sword: – bright, glitter (-ing, sword), lightning. (Strongs Hebrew word H1300 baraq baw-rawk’)
Barak ‘O’bamah, The use of bamah is used to refer to the “heights” of Heaven.
bamah – Biblical definition:
From an unused root (meaning to be high); an elevation: – height, high place, wave. (Strongs Hebrew word H1116 bamah baw-maw’)
The day following the election of Barack Obama (11/04/08), the winning pick 3 lotto numbers in Illinois (Obama’s home state) for 11/5/08 were 666.
Obama was a U.S. senator for Illinois, and his zip code was 60606.
The names of both of Obama’s daughters are Malia and Natasha. If we were to write those names backwards we would get “ailam ahsatan”. Now if we remove the letters that spell “Alah” (Allah being the God of Islam), we get “I am Satan”. Coincidence? I don’t think so.
These are just a few of many evidences why Barack Obama is the Antichrist. You can see many more in my article on the website above, as well as read about the dreams I’ve had concerning this man. I’m more than convinced that God has shown me that he is without a doubt the Antichrist, and we will see him rise to power in the not so dinstant future.
Jesus stands alone among the other religions who say to rightly weigh the scales of good and evil, and to make sure you have done more good than bad in this life. Is this how we conduct ourselves justly in a court of law? Bearing the image of God, is this how we project this image into our reality?
Our good works cannot save us. If we step before a judge, being guilty of a crime, the judge will not judge us by the good that we have done, but rather the crimes we have committed. If we as fallen humanity, created in God’s image, pose this type of justice, how much more a perfect, righteous, and Holy God?
God has brought down His moral law’s through the 10 commandments given to Moses at Mt. Sinai. These laws were not given so we may be justified, rather that we may see the need for a savior. They are the mirror of God’s character of what He has put in each and every one of us, with our conscious bearing witness that we know that it is wrong to steal, lie, dishonor our parents, and so forth.
We can try and follow the moral laws of the 10 commandments, but we will never catch up to them to be justified before a Holy God. That same word of the law given to Moses became flesh over 2000 years ago in the body of Jesus Christ. He came to be our justification by fulfilling the law, living a sinless perfect life that only God could fulfill; even bringing the law to it’s truest light by stating, “You have heard that it was said to those of old, ‘You shall not commit adultery.’ But I say to you that whoever looks at a woman to lust for her has already committed adultery with her in his heart” (Matthew 5:27-28).
The gap between us and the law can never be reconciled by our own merit, but the arm of Jesus is stretched out by the grace and mercy of God. And if we are to grab on, through faith in Him, He will pull us up being the one to justify us. As in the court of law, if someone steps in and pays our fine, even though we are guilty, the judge can do what is legal and just and let us go free. That is what Jesus did almost 2000 years ago on the cross. It was a legal transaction being fulfilled in the spiritual realm by the shedding of His blood.
Because God is Holy and just, the wrath that we deserve could not go unnoticed. Through the perfect righteousness and justice of God’s character, it must be dealt with, it must be quenched, it must be satisfied.
For God takes no pleasure in the death of the wicked (Ezekiel 18:23). This is why in Isaiah chapter 53, where it speaks of the coming Messiah and His soul being a sacrifice for our sins, why it says it pleased God to crush His only begotten Son.
This is because the wrath that we deserve was justified by being poured out upon His Son. If that wrath was poured out on us, we would all die and go to hell. God created a way of escape by pouring it out on His Son whose soul could not be left in Hades, but was raised to life on the third day and seated at the right hand of God in power.
So now when we put on the Lord Jesus Christ (Romans 13:14), God no longer sees the person who deserves His wrath, but rather the glorious image of His perfect Son dwelling in us, justifying us as if we received the wrath we deserve, making a way of escape from the curse of death.
Now what we must do is repent and put our trust and faith in the savior, confessing and forsaking our sins. This is not just a head knowledge of believing in Jesus, but rather receiving His words, taking them to heart, so that we may truly be transformed into the image of God. Where we no longer live to practice sin, but rather turn from our sins and practice righteousness through faith in Him.
Jesus answered, “Most assuredly, I say to you, unless one is born of water and the Spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of God. That which is born of the flesh is flesh, and that which is born of the Spirit is spirit. Do not marvel that I said to you, ‘You must be born again'” (John 3:5-7).
Come before the Lord with a contrite spirit, humble yourself, ask Him for His forgiveness, to receive the free gift of His salvation, to receive His Holy Spirit, so that you may be transformed into a new creature, into a child of the living God.
There is a reason why the words of Jesus have been translated in to over 2000 languages, and nothing comes remotely close (the Quran just over 100), because there is a God in heaven who desires to have a relationship with you, to know Him through His word, as that is how we personally get to know anybody. There is a reason why it is the year 2021, because Jesus came to earth just over 2000 years ago fulfilling major prophecy causing a divide in our timeline.
Jesus loves you! Seek Him while He may be found! We must repent and turn from practicing sin…for if we are not following Jesus, we are following the devil. There is no neatural ground. We are either living in the lie, or the truth. God bless you!